Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa

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Mitundu Isanu ndi iwiri ya Kupusa
(ndi zoyenera kuchita pa iwo)

Zindikirani: Ndinkafuna kutumiza nkhani yotchedwa: "Zinsinsi za 3 za Chigonjetso Chosatha M'misika - Gawo 2" koma ndidayenera kuyimitsa motsatira zomwe zili pansipa. Kugulitsa ndi masewera a maganizo a 100%, ndipo chifukwa chake ambiri odziwa zambiri, odziwa bwino, ndi amalonda aluso amavutikabe kwambiri m'misika, ndipo ena mwa iwo amakhalabe osauka, ngakhale atakhala ndi zaka zambiri. Akapatsidwa mwayi wina, adzathanso kupanga zolakwika zomwezo, chifukwa chamaganizo osasamala. Mudzawona amalonda akulira ngati makanda atalandira mafoni a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikungobwereza zolakwika zomwezo zomwe zinayambitsa kuyimba kwa malire am'mbuyomu, pamene akuyambiranso kugulitsa ndi ndalama zatsopano. Nkhani yomwe ili pansipa ndi ya anthu, koma ilinso ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi malonda ndi ndalama. Chowonadi momwemo chingapangitse kusiyana mu ntchito yanu yamalonda.

"Pali zopusa zamitundumitundu, ndipo kuchenjera ndi chimodzi mwazoyipa kwambiri." - Thomas Mann.

Mawu ambiri akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chikhalidwe cha luntha, pamene mutu wa kupusa umanyalanyazidwa mofananamo - ngakhale uli ponseponse, kutisokoneza. Mwina ndi chifukwa timaganiza kupusa ndi kusowa nzeru. Ndikuganiza kuti pali zambiri kuposa izo. Zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana; zomwe zikutsatira sizomveka.
Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa 1. Kupusa koyera
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mtundu wodziwikiratu wa kupusa: shit-for-brains (petulani mawu asayansi). Tanthauzo lachitsiru ndi munthu wopanda nzeru, makamaka kuganiza ndi kulingalira bwino. Munthu wopusa amakhala ndi IQ yochepa. Amayesa kuyesa kwapakamwa komanso masamu a Raven chifukwa zimawavuta kuwona mawonekedwe mu data, kusintha chilankhulo, kapena kutsatira malingaliro. (Ndikuyang'ana funso ngati kulingalira mozama ndi nzeru - ngati ziri, ndiye molingana ndi Zotsatira za Flynn makolo athu onse anali opusa - koma kusowa kwake ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amatanthauza kupusa). Kuperekedwa ndi chirichonse chovuta, munthu wopusa amawona chisokonezo chopanda tanthauzo. Phunzitsani munthu wopusa ku masewera ndipo adzalephera kumvetsetsa malamulo, ngakhale atafotokozedwa momveka bwino komanso mobwerezabwereza, chifukwa sangathe kuphunzira, kapena angaphunzire pang'onopang'ono. Luntha silingasiyanitsidwe ndi kuphunzira, china chake chomwe chinatengera asayansi a AI nthawi yayitali kuti azindikire; anakhala zaka zambiri akuyesera kupanga makina anzeru mpaka anazindikira kuti ndi bwino kupanga makina osayankhula omwe amaphunzira mofulumira.1 Kodi nchiyani chomwe chimayambitsa kupusa kotereku? Genetics? Munthuyo angakhale atatengera zinthu zoipa za m’maganizo. Chilengedwe? Mwina anakulira m’chikhalidwe chimene sichinkafuna kuti aphunzire kapena kuganiza. Kapena mwina adadyedwa poyizoni: kafukufuku waposachedwa wapeza kuti mtovu wapangitsa kuti pafupifupi kutayika ma IQ biliyoni mu America pambuyo pa nkhondo. Kaya chimayambitsa chiyani, kupusa m'lingaliro limeneli kumatanthauza kulephera kuzindikira machitidwe, kutsatira malingaliro, kapena kuphunzira kuchokera kuzochitika. Munthu wopusa ndi novice pa chilichonse nthawi zonse.

2. Kupusa kosadziwa
Umbuli ndinso tanthauzo lodziwika bwino la kupusa: anthu opusa ndi anthu omwe sadziwa zoyipa za zoyipa (tanthauzo lina la sayansi). Tsopano, umbuli si nthawizonse chizindikiro cha kupusa; kufufuza kwaluntha kulikonse, kuphatikizapo sayansi, kumadalira kudziwa zomwe munthu sakuzidziwa. Koma ndizowonanso kuti anthu omwe sangathe kujambula ku banki yazidziwitso, luso kapena chidziwitso adzapeza zovuta kwambiri kuti athane ndi mavuto atsopano ndi mafunso ovuta. Kodi amakhala bwanji choncho? Mwina ali ndi zida zolakwika, monga #1, ndipo sanathe kupeza ndikusunga zambiri, kapena mwina sanapatsidwe mwayi wotero: mwina sanaphunzire zambiri, mwina kuchokera kwa makolo awo kapena kusukulu, motero alibe zida zoyambira ndi zikhazikitso zofunika kuti amvetsetse dziko lapansi - luso la mawu ndi masamu, chidziwitso cha geography kapena machitidwe andale ndi zina zotero. Katswiri wa maphunziro ED Hirsch wawona kuti kutha kuwerenga nyuzipepala komanso kukhala ndi lingaliro losavuta la zomwe nkhani zonse zikunena zimafunikira chidziwitso chambiri chomwe ambirife timachitenga mopepuka. Chidziwitso chambiri m'dera lililonse chili ngati madzi a nsomba: sitidziwa kuti tili nawo koma ndi zomwe zimatithandizira kudziwa zatsopano. Zomwe mukudziwa pang'ono, zimakhala zovuta kuphunzira; zochepa zomwe mungaphunzire, zochepa zomwe mukudziwa - ndizomwe mumapeza. Uwu ndiye umbuli, ndipo anthu omwe ali ndi zida zabwino kwambiri amatha kukakamira momwemo.
Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa 3. Kupusa kwa nsomba zakunja
Mpaka pano takambirana matanthauzo anzeru a kupusa. Zimakonda kufotokozedwa ngati kusowa kwa kena kake - kaya mphamvu zamavalo ('luntha'), kapena chidziwitso, kapena kuganiza. Izi zikuwoneka zosakwanira. Kutanthauzira kokha ngati kusakhalapo kwa ubongo kumalephera kufotokoza zomwe ndikuzitcha kupusa kwa nsomba zotuluka m'madzi. Anthu omwe ali ndi ubongo wamphamvu omwe apeza chidziwitso chochuluka mu dera limodzi, ndipo omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi anzeru mwapadera, amaganiza kuti adzakhala ndi malingaliro anzeru pamtundu uliwonse wa chidziwitso chomwe amayendayenda. Amatenga chidziwitso chawo chomwe apeza mopepuka ndipo amakhulupirira kuti malo omwe amawapatsa m'munda wawo ndi ntchito chabe yanzeru zawo zonse.

Tsopano, pamlingo wina, akatswiriwa mwina ali olondola kuganiza kuti chifukwa ali ochenjera pa izi adzakhalanso anzeru pazinthu zina - pali chodabwitsa ngati. nzeru zonse. Koma amatha kuwonetsa mopambanitsa momwe aliri anzeru m'magawo atsopano ndikumaliza kupanga zisankho zoyipa. Twitter yakhala yabwino kuwulula momwe asayansi kapena akatswiri azambiri atha kukhala opusa kamodzi kunja kwa maphunziro awo. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri samazindikira kuti asamukira kudziko lina: osunga mabanki omwe adachita ngozi ya 2008 adaganiza kuti ali pachiwopsezo pomwe kwenikweni anali m'malo osatsimikizika. Owongolera omwe anali opondaponda panthawi ya mliri (vuto lalikulu ku US kuposa ku UK) adalephera kuzindikira kuti tsopano ali m'malo owongolera zovuta.

4. Kupusa kozikidwa pa malamulo
Nthawi zambiri timalankhula za kupusa ngati kuti ndi khalidwe la munthu aliyense - chinthu chimene munthu ali nacho kapena ayi. Ndizofala kulankhula za anthu anzeru ndi opusa, ngakhale pakati pa aluntha: mmodzi mwa akatswiri ochepa omwe adachita zopusa kwambiri, mwina, anali katswiri wazachuma waku Italy Carlo Cipolla, yemwe analemba nkhani mu 1976 yotchedwa The Basic Laws of Human. Kupusa komwe mungagule ngati a buku. Monga mukuonera pa izi chidule cha izo, Cipolla akuyamba pa mfundo yakuti dziko limagawikana kukhala anthu opusa ndi opusa ndikumanga "malamulo" ake pamwamba pake ('Nthawi zonse ndipo mosapeŵeka, aliyense amapeputsa chiwerengero cha anthu opusa omwe amafalitsidwa'). Nkhaniyo idalembedwa mwanzeru koma ndikukayikira chifukwa chake ikuwerengedwabe ndikuti ikutonthoza. Ndikwabwino kuganiza kuti munthu ndi wochenjera kapena wopusa - ndikuti popeza ndikuzindikira, ndiyenera kukhala m'modzi mwa ochenjera. Ndizosautsa kwambiri kuganiza za kupusa ngati chinthu chomwe aliyense, ngakhale inu, mutha kugwidwa nacho.

Kupusa kungakhale mwadongosolo. Katswiri wina wa maphunziro a zamaphunziro ku Santa Fe Institute, David Krakauer, ananena kuti Aroma, popeza anali anzeru m’njira zambiri, sanapite patsogolo pa masamu. Iye amaika izi ku dongosolo la manambala lomwe linapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kupanga ndalama zovuta. Ziwerengero za Chiarabu, zotumizidwa ku Ulaya ku Middle Ages (osati zosayankhula monga mbiri yawo), ndizosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Dongosolo latsopanoli lidapangitsa kuti chitukuko chathu chikhale chanzeru, kapena osayankhula. Chida kapena nsanja yomwe tikugwiritsa ntchito imatha kutipangitsa kukhala opusa, ngakhale titakhala anzeru. Ndipotu, maganizo a Krakauer ndi akuti kupusa sikusowa nzeru kapena chidziwitso; ndikugwiritsa ntchito kosalekeza kwa ma aligorivimu olakwika (pawokha lingaliro lachiarabu, inde). Tiyerekeze kuti wina akupatsani Cube ya Rubik.
Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa Taonani zinthu zitatu zimene mungachite. Mutha kudziwa algorithm kapena seti ya ma algorithms zomwe zimakuthandizani kuti muthane nazo mwachangu, ndikuwoneka anzeru kwambiri (kwenikweni Krakauer anganene kuti ndi mtundu wanzeru). Kapena mwina mwaphunzira ma aligorivimu olakwika - ma aligorivimu omwe amatsimikizira kuti ngakhale mutayesa kangati, simudzathetsa vutolo. Kapena mukhoza kukhala mbuli ndi kungopita pa izo mwachisawawa. Mfundo ya Krakauer ndiyakuti cuber yosadziwa imakhala ndi mwayi woyithetsa mwangozi (polankhula mongoyerekeza - osayesa izi kunyumba) pomwe cholakwika-algorithm cuber sichidzatero. Kusadziwa ndi deta yosakwanira kuthetsa vuto bwino; kupusa kumagwiritsa ntchito lamulo loti kuwonjezera zambiri sikumakulitsa mwayi wanu wopeza bwino - m'malo mwake, zimapangitsa kuti muzitha kuzilakwitsa.

Yang'anani pozungulira ndipo mutha kuwona anthu omwe ali munjira zolakwika (ngati kuli nkhondo, ndiye kuti liyenera kukhala vuto la America'; 'ngati msika wasokonekera ndiye kuti kuchira kwatsala pang'ono kuchitika') mfundo. Mumapeza kupusa kochuluka pakati pa anthu omwe amatsatira kwambiri chipani cha ndale kapena malingaliro. Anthu amenewo amakonda kukhala osasinthasintha, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali mbali iti. Amakopeka ndi nkhani zomveka bwino kapena unyolo wamalingaliro. Andale kapena omenyera ufulu wawo omwe amawagwira ali ndi luso lomanga ndi kufalitsa malingaliro a algorithmic awa.

Nthawi zambiri, kupusa sikuchokera kukusowa kwa zida zamaganizo koma kuchulukira kwake. Zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zonse zomwe timakhala nazo m'malingaliro athu ndikutengera kwa ena: ma aligorivimu amphamvu, malingaliro oyipa, zowona zabodza, nkhani zokopa, mafanizo osokonekera, malingaliro olakwika. Zinthu zomwe zimamveka ngati chidziwitso cholimba ngakhale sichoncho. Monga momwe mwambi wakale umanenera, si zomwe sukudziwa zomwe zingakulowetseni m'mavuto koma zomwe mukudziwa kuti sizili choncho.

5. Kuganiza mopambanitsa-kupusa
Pamene katswiri wa zamaganizo Philip Tetlock anali wophunzira womaliza adawona kuyesa, komwe adapangidwa ndi mlangizi wake Bob Rescorla, komwe kunaphatikizira gulu la a Yale undergrads motsutsana ndi khoswe. Ophunzirawo adawonetsedwa T-maze, monga ili pansipa. Chakudya chinkapezeka pa A kapena B. Ntchito ya ophunzira inali kulosera kumene chakudyacho chikaonekera. Khosweyo anapatsidwa ntchito yomweyo.
Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa Makoswe ndi Maze
Rescorla anagwiritsa ntchito lamulo losavuta: chakudya chinawonekera kumanzere 60% ya nthawi ndi kumanja, 40%, mwachisawawa. Ophunzira, poganiza kuti ma algorithm ena ovuta akuyenera kukhala akugwira ntchito, adayang'ana mapatani ndikuwapeza. Iwo adatha kupeza bwino 52% ya nthawiyo - osati bwino kwambiri kuposa mwayi komanso woipa kwambiri kuposa makoswe, omwe mwamsanga anazindikira kuti mbali imodzi inapereka zotsatira zabwino kuposa inayo ndipo imapita kumanzere nthawi zonse, kukwaniritsa 60% chiwongola dzanja.

Anthu anzeru, kapena anthu omwe akhulupirira kuti ndi anzeru, sakonda njira zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusapeŵeka kwa zolakwika. Poyang'anizana ndi zomwe zimawoneka ngati mwachisawawa, iwo sataya manja awo ndikuyenda ndi kuyenda. Iwo akufuna kudzikakamiza okha pa dziko. Kulakalaka kwanzeru koteroko kungayambitse kuzindikira ndi kupanga zatsopano koma kungayambitsenso kupusa, pamene zolakwa zimatetezedwa mwamphamvu ndi mwaluso.

Munthu wanzeru akatengera chikhulupiriro cholakwika zimakhala zovuta kuti athane nazo: anthu 'ozindikira mwanzeru' ali ngati chilichonse. sachedwa kuganiza molakwika kuposa avareji, chifukwa ali ndi luso lokhotakhota kuti ligwirizane ndi zomwe adapanga. Ndikuganiza kuti chizoloŵezichi chimagwirizana ndi kulankhula mosadodoma, khalidwe lomwe ndinkasirira kwambiri koma tsopano ndimaliona mokayikira. Anthu omwe ali ndi luso loyankhula bwino ali pampando amathanso kukhala odziwa bwino kupeza zifukwa zaposachedwa komanso zokopa pa chilichonse chomwe angakhulupirire nthawi iliyonse. Mawu olondola amangowoneka mwamatsenga, otembenuzidwa bwino, onyezimira ngati chowonadi.

Mutha kuwona chiwonetsero china chakuganiza mopambanitsa nthawi iliyonse mukamagwiritsa ntchito chinthu kapena pulogalamu yomwe ili ndi zinthu zanzeru zomwe simungathe kuzigwiritsa ntchito, kapena kuwonera kanema yemwe ali ndi zonse zomwe zikuchitika kupatula nkhani yogwirizana. Anthu ochenjera amakhala ndi chizolowezi chowonjezera zinthu kapena filimu kapena mkangano m'malo mozichotsa, zomwe zingabweretse zotulukapo zopusa.

Ndimasamala kwambiri zanzeru zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafunso achikhalidwe ndi ndale, omwe sangathe kuthetsedwa ndi masamu. Pamenepa ndakopeka ndi anthu oganiza bwino. Mutha kutsata kugawanika kwakukulu mumalingaliro aku Western pakati pa omwe amakhulupirira kuti chidziwitso ndi kulingalira nthawi zonse kumatipangitsa kukhala anzeru komanso omwe amachenjeza amathanso kutipangitsa kukhala opusa. Kumbali ina, Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Voltaire, Paine, Russell; ina, Socrates, Montaigne, Burke, Nietzsche, Freud, Wittgenstein. Gulu lotsirizirali likuphatikizapo oganiza bwino omwe, m'njira zawo zosiyanasiyana ali ndi chidwi ndi njira zomwe nzeru zaumunthu zimapanga mtundu wapadera wa kupusa. Awa ndi anyamata anga.

6. Kupusa kodziwikiratu
Nthawi zambiri m'mabungwe omwe amachita zopusa, zimakhala zovuta kuyika zisankho zopusa pamunthu aliyense ngakhale poyang'ana m'mbuyo, ndipo sipangakhale anthu opusa omwe akukhudzidwa. Nthawi zina, monga ndi Enron, anthu amakhala anzeru kwambiri. Utsiru ungatulukire mofanana ndi mmene nzeru zimatulukira mu gulu la atsekwe, kapena gulu la nyerere, kapena m’maselo ndi ma synapses a ubongo wa munthu. Pamene gulu la anthu likutsatira malamulo ochepa osavuta mogwirizana wina ndi mzake, ndiye kuti khalidwe la gulu lomwe liri lanzeru kwambiri - kapena lopusa kwambiri - kuposa momwe zigawo zake zingawonekere. M'bungwe lililonse, atsogoleri akuyenera kuwunikira malamulo osavuta omwe anthu amatsatira ngakhale sakuganiza, ndikufunsa ngati angapange nzeru kapena kupusa.

Palibe chibadwa chofuna kupewa kupusa. Tidachokera kuti tipulumuke ndikuchita bwino ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti tizikhala bwino ndi ena - ndicho chofunikira chathu, nthawi zambiri. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti kukhala anzeru ndi kumvana sikumasemphana kwenikweni; zoipa n'zakuti nthawi zambiri amakhala. M'buku langa CONFLICTED ndikuwonetsa momwe kupewa kusagwirizana poyera kumachepetsa luntha la gulu lililonse. Pamene mamembala a gulu amatsatira lamulo loti 'kuvomereza zomwe tagwirizana' kapena 'kuvomerezana ndi mtsogoleri' m'pamenenso sakhala ndi gawo lochepa la malingaliro ndi mikangano. Dziwe losazama kwambiri, m’pamenenso chinthu chopusa chidzatulukamo, chophimbidwa ndi matope.
Kupusa ndi Kugulitsa 7. Kupusa koyendetsedwa ndi ego
Talankhula za utsiru makamaka ngati chidziwitso cha chidziwitso koma zowona zimamangidwa mozama ndi kutengeka, komanso kudzikonda. Titha kutchula mitundu isanu ndi iwiri pamutuwu wokha koma mfundo yayikulu ndi yakuti munthu akamadziona kuti ndi wosatetezeka, m'pamenenso amadzipangitsa kukhala opusa. Akatswiri a zamaganizo amachitcha kuti 'identity-protective cognition'. Tikhoza kuzitcha kuti 'Ndili ndi anyamata awa'.

Pali kugwirizana bwino pakati pa kukhudzika kwa malingaliro ochitira chiwembu ndi malingaliro akuda nkhawa, makamaka kumverera kopanda kuwongolera. Mutha kuwona izi mukuchita pambuyo pa 2016 pomwe intaneti idachoka ku UK ndi US idayamba kudya mwanjala pamalingaliro achiwembu okhudza Brexit ndi Trump. Anthu ambiri ochenjera anadzimva kukhala opanda chochita ndi mantha ndi othawa kwawo ndipo anadzipanga okha opusa poyankha.

Anthu ochita zandale monyanyira komanso okhulupirira chiwembu amafuna kuti zimveke bwino. Simalingaliro chabe kapena chiwembu chomwe anthu amakopeka nacho, koma anthu ammudzi omwe amawazungulira. Lingaliro kapena chiphunzitsocho chili ngati paki kapena bwalo lamasewera - ndizomwe zimapangidwira anthu. Mumakonda kukhalapo, ndipo zikhulupiriro zanu ndizovala pamkono. Ngati mukuda nkhawa ndi kutayidwa mudzachita zonse zomwe mungathe kuti musonyeze kuti ndinu wokhulupirika ku zikhulupirirozi, komanso momwe mumaganizira pang'ono za malingaliro a anthu akunja. Ngakhale zikutanthauza kubwereza ndi kukhulupirira zinthu zopusa.

Ndinalemba zabwino za Twitter nthawi yatha kotero ndikuganiza kuti ndapeza ufulu wonena kuti ndi malo omwe mphamvu zauchitsiru zimasonkhana ndikuvina. Muli ndi akatswiri omwe amadzimva kuti ali okakamizika kutchula zinthu zomwe siziri mwaukadaulo wawo. Muli ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa: aliyense akuthamangira otsatira, zokonda ndi ma retweets. Muli ndi anthu omwe akupanga malingaliro awo pagulu, m'maso mwa anzanu ndi adani. Muli ndi madera amalingaliro ndi zikhalidwe zazing'ono zomwe zimagwirizananso nthawi zonse, m'magulu akupeza mphamvu kuchokera kumagulu. Zotsatira zake n'zakuti ulusi wina wopusa kwambiri umapita ku mavairasi ndikukondweretsedwa ndi anthu anzeru ambiri (mudzakhala ndi zitsanzo zanu - iyi ndi yopusa). Koma ndi labotale yosangalatsa momwe mungawonere momwe munthu akuvutikira kuyang'anira ndikugwirizanitsa mayanjano ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Anthu atha kukhala ndi zidziwitso zingapo kuti atetezedwe - wasayansi atha kufuna kukhalabe ndi 'wasayansi wabwino' ndi anzawo komanso kukhala ndi 'ufulu wabwino' ndi anthu. Zimawululira kuti muwone yemwe amapita naye pakagwa mkangano pakati pazidziwitso izi. Nthawi zambiri amasankha kupusa kosagwirizana ndi sayansi (chitsanzo chaposachedwa cha izi pansipa).

Chowonadi ndi chakuti utsiru nthawi zambiri umakhala wofuna: anthu amadzipanga opusa, zikawakomera. Mfundo yakuti anthu amatha kuchita zimenezi, m'njira yake, ndi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. The English psychoanalyst Wilfred Bion anamenyedwa m’Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba, ndipo malingaliro ake anawumbidwa mbali ina ndi chokumana nacho chimenecho. Bion adachita chidwi ndi momwe anthu amatsekera mphamvu zawo zoganiza ndi kulingalira akamapita kunkhondo, mophiphiritsa komanso kwenikweni. Chiphunzitso chake cha mmene anthu amaphunzirira chinali chachilendo chifukwa anaphatikiza mfundo yakuti nthaŵi zonse sitifuna kuidziŵa. Anthu samangophonya chidziwitso; amakana kapena amakana mosazindikira. Amafunafuna kuchotsera chidziwitso, chomwe Bion adachitcha -K. Kulephera kuphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe takumana nazo kumabwera chifukwa cha mantha oganiza zomwe sitikudziwa, komanso kumamatira kuzinthu zolimbikitsa komanso zizolowezi zomwe tili nazo. Kuphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe zinachitikira, malinga ku Bion, zimafuna ntchito yolimba, yosasangalatsa yoganizira za malingaliro athu. Ikani choncho ndipo mutha kuwona chifukwa chake ambiri aife nthawi zambiri timasankha kupusa.

Author: Ian Leslie
Source: Mitundu Isanu ndi iwiri ya Kupusa