Mbiri Yachitukuko cha Ndalama Zakunja

Michael Fasogbon

Zasinthidwa: 17 November 2023

Utumiki wotsatsa malonda. Algo yathu imatsegula zokha ndikutseka malonda.

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Mpaka malonda a 70 pamwezi. Pali mitundu yopitilira 5 yomwe ilipo.

Kulembetsa pamwezi kumayambira pa £58.

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Telefoni

ZINTHU

malonda Ndalama Zakunja (Forex, kapena FX), yochokera ku English Foreign Exchange acronym, ndi gawo lofunikira pamsika wazachuma padziko lonse lapansi.

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Mpaka Zizindikiro 5 Zotumizidwa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Mtengo Wopambana 76%
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Chiwopsezo Mphotho Ratio
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Zizindikiro za Forex - Miyezi ya 3

Mpaka Zizindikiro 5 Zotumizidwa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Mtengo Wopambana 76%
Kulowera, Tengani Phindu & Lekani Kutaya
Kuchuluka Kwamawopsezo Pa Malonda
Chiwopsezo Mphotho Ratio
Gulu la VIP Telegraph

89£

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ANTHU AMBIRI

Zizindikiro za Forex - Miyezi ya 6

Mpaka Zizindikiro 5 Zotumizidwa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Mtengo Wopambana 76%
Kulowera, Tengani Phindu & Lekani Kutaya
Kuchuluka Kwamawopsezo Pa Malonda
Chiwopsezo Mphotho Ratio
Gulu la VIP Telegraph

129£

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Kufunika kwa malonda osinthanitsa ndi ndalama zakunja kumachokera ku malonda ake atsiku ndi tsiku mpaka $ 5.5 thililiyoni aku US.

Kwa osunga ndalama, uwu ndi msika waukulu kwambiri wazachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Pachinthu chofunikira kwambiri, uwu ndi msika wogulitsa ndalama zakunja komwe ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi zimasinthidwa.

Kusinthana kwa Kusinthana

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa msika wosinthira ndalama zakunja kukhala wosangalatsa ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayendetsa chitukuko cha msika.

Zochitikazi zimatha kusiyana kwambiri kuchokera mkati kapena kunja, ndipo madera omwe akukhudzidwa ndi monga geopolitics, nkhani zaboma, nkhani zachitukuko, ndi zachuma zazikulu.

M'mbiri yonse, zochitika zomwe zakhudza kwambiri zasintha kwambiri malo ogulitsa ndalama zakunja. Pansipa mutha kuwona zina mwazambiri zomwe zidapangitsa msika wa Forex.

Kusinthana Mbiri Yamsika

Ndalamazo zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’nthawi ya Afarao, ngakhale kuti Ababulo anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito manotsi ndi malisiti.

Popeza kuti ku Middle East, tauni iliyonse inali ndi ndalama zakezake, panachitika malonda a ndalama zakunja kuti athe kusinthanitsa malonda pakati pa anthu, zigawo, ndi matauni osiyanasiyana.

M’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka 1500, amalonda anapezeka kuti akufunikira njira yolipirira, zomwe zinachititsa kuti alandire manotsi oimira ndalama.

Njira imeneyi kenaka inakhala ndalama zamapepala. Chuma cha mayiko amene anasankha kugwiritsa ntchito manotsi chinayamba kuyenda bwino.

Mbiri yakale yosinthira ndalama zakunja

Msika wosinthira ndalama zakunja womwe tikuwudziwa tsopano unayamba mu 1973. Zowonadi, kusinthana kwa ndalama pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana kudayamba kale. Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse isanayambe, ndalama zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse zinali mapaundi.

M’Nkhondo Yadziko II, kulimbana kotheratu kwapakati pa Britain ndi Germany kunagwedeza mkhalidwe wa paundi. Ngakhale kuti dola ya ku United States inafooka panthawi ya Kuvutika Kwakukulu kwachuma mu 1929, kulimbikitsa pang'onopang'ono chuma cha US pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse kunapangitsa kuti ikhale ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, malo amphamvu a dola ya US adasungidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko la United States likhale lofunika kwambiri pazachuma padziko lonse masiku ano.

Mgwirizano wa Bretton Woods

Bretton Woods ndi gawo la tawuni ya Carroll ku New Hampshire, kachigawo kakang'ono ku United States. Mu 1944, pambuyo pa kuyitanidwa kwa United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, maiko omwe anali nawo adagwirizana, ndipo dongosolo latsopano linabadwa pamsonkhanowo, wotchedwa Bretton Woods System.

Msonkhanowu unachitikira ku hotelo ya Mount Washington ndipo panafika mayiko 45. Mgwirizano womwe udasainidwa kumapeto kwa msonkhanowu udapatsa bungwe la International Monetary Fund (IMF) malo apakati padongosolo.

Dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa motero limatchedwa "Gold Exchange Standard System." Mwachidule, dongosolo la Bretton Woods lapanganso mulingo wandalama za golide kudzera munjira yosinthika yosinthira.

Mgwirizanowu umapangitsa kuti dola ikhale yokhomerera ku golidi, pomwe ndalama zina zimakhazikika ku dollar.

Mgwirizanowu ndi wamtengo wa $35 pa 1 ounce ya golide. Maiko omwe ali ndi madola aku US amatha kusintha madola kukhala golide kudzera kubanki yawo yayikulu. Anthu wamba omwe ali ndi madola amatha kuwasandutsa golide kudzera m'misika yaulere. Cholinga cha dongosolo la Bretton Woods ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano womwe umapangitsa kuti ndalama zikhazikike, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kusinthasintha kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kupewa kutsika kwamitengo. Pachifukwa ichi, mgwirizanowu umapatsa IMF udindo waukulu pakuwongolera dongosolo.

Mgwirizano wa Smithsonian

Mu March 1971, Council of Europe inakonza ndi kuvomereza Werner Plan kuti atsogolere msika wawo wamba ku chuma ndi mgwirizano wa ndalama.

Mkati mwa ndondomeko ya Werner Plan, maiko omwe akugwira nawo ntchito adagwirizana kuti ayese kusunga bata la ndalama za ku Ulaya kuti athetse kusasinthasintha.

Kusintha kwa mtengo wa kusinthana kwa ndalama za ku Europe ndi kocheperako (njoka), koma kusiyana kwake (mabowo) ndi dollar yaku US ndizokulirapo. Chifukwa chake, dongosololi limatchedwa "njoka m'dzenje."

Magulu a mayiko khumi, kuphatikizapo Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, United Kingdom, ndi United States, anakumana ku Smithsonian Institution ku Washington mu December 1971 ndipo anasaina Pangano la Smithsonian.

Mgwirizanowu umatsika mtengo wa dollar poyerekeza ndi ndalama zina. Koma m’kanthaŵi kochepa, kutsika kwa mtengo wa dola kunasonyeza kukhala kosakwanira. Poyang'anizana ndi ziwopsezo zongoyerekeza za dollar yaku US, dola yaku US idatsika ndi 10% pa February 12, 1973.

Komabe, ongoyerekeza adapenga kwambiri kotero kuti msika wogulitsa ndalama zakunja udatsekedwa pakati pa Marichi 1 ndi 18, 1973.

Msika wosinthira ndalama zakunja utatsegulidwanso pa Marichi 19, ndalama zosinthira pakati pa dola yaku US motsutsana ndi yen ndi ndalama zina zazikulu zaku Europe zinali zaulere kuyandama. Ngakhale poyamba izi zinkangowoneka ngati mgwirizano wakanthawi, zinali chizindikiro cha kubadwa kwa dongosolo latsopano: njira yoyandama yosinthira ndalama.

European currency system

Kusinthana kwa Kusinthana

Mu 1972, European Common Market inaganiza zochepetsa kudalira kwa ndalama zake pa dola. Cholinga choyamba chinali kupanga European Joint Floating System, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, France, West Germany, ndi Luxembourg.

Mgwirizanowu umalola kuti ndalama zosinthira zisinthe pakati paokulirapo kuposa momwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi Bretton Woods system.

Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa dongosolo la Bretton Woods ndi kusaina kwa Pangano la Smithsonian, mayiko a ku Ulaya anakumananso mu April 1972. Anaganiza kuti kusinthasintha kwa njoka kuyenera kuchitika pakati pa ± 2.25percent, pamene kusinthasintha kwakukulu kuyenera kukhala ± 4.50%. Mu 1973-80, mapangano angapo okhudza kusinthana kwa ndalama adafikiridwa.

Mu December 1978, European Council inavomereza kukhazikitsa European Monetary Union. Mu 1979, European Currency Unit (ECU) idakhazikitsidwa. Euro idalowa m'malo mwa ECU pambuyo pa Januware 1, 1999.

Forex monga tikuwonera lero

Dongosolo loyandama lakusinthana limalola kuti mtengo wandalama uyandame malinga ndi mfundo zoyambira zogulira ndi kufuna. Masiku ano, msika wosinthira ndalama zakunja ndi msika waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso wamadzimadzi.

Tsiku lililonse, msika wamalonda wapakati pamabanki umakhala ndi zongopeka komanso zamalonda zamalonda. Banki yayikulu imatha kugulitsa ndalama zokwana madola biliyoni imodzi patsiku.

Zochita zina zimachitidwa m'malo mwa makasitomala awo, koma nthawi yomweyo, zochitika zambiri zimachitikira kubanki ndi eni ake.

Mpaka posachedwapa, otsatsa malonda a Forex atha kupeza ndalama zambiri pophatikiza maphwando ang'onoang'ono osadziwika, kenako ma banki apakati.

Masiku ano, njirayi yatumizidwa molondola ku machitidwe amagetsi. Chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo, amalonda amatha kumaliza ntchito zonse mosadalira ma milliseconds.

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Nambala zina mu malonda a Forex

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) imachita malonda pafupifupi $25 biliyoni patsiku. Mosiyana ndi izi, kuchuluka kwa malonda tsiku lililonse pamsika wosinthanitsa ndi mayiko akunja kumakhala pafupifupi $5.5 thililiyoni.
Pazogulitsa zatsiku ndi tsiku pamsika wosinthira ndalama zakunja, 5% yokha imachitika chifukwa cha zochitika pakati pa boma ndi kampani, ndipo zina zonse zimachokera ku malonda ongoyerekeza.
80% ya maudindo amakhala kwa masiku osachepera asanu ndi awiri.
40% ya maudindo amachitikira kwa masiku osachepera awiri.
85% ya zochitika zimagwirizana ndi ndalama zazikulu.
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Michael Fasogbon

Lowani kwathu uthengawo njira