Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba

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IINKCUKACHA

Iindidi ezisixhenxe zobudenge
(kwaye wenze ntoni ngabo)

Phawula: Ndandifuna ukuthumela inqaku elinesihloko esithi: "Iimfihlo ezi-3 zoloyiso olungunaphakade kwiiMarike-Icandelo lesi-2" kodwa kwafuneka ndilihlehlise ngokuthanda inqaku elingezantsi. Ukurhweba ngumdlalo wengqondo we-100%, kwaye yiyo loo nto abaninzi abanamava, abanolwazi, kunye nabarhwebi abanobuchule basafumana ilahleko enkulu kwiimarike, kwaye abanye babo bahlala behlwempuzekile, nangona iminyaka emininzi yamava. Nje ukuba banikwe elinye ithuba, baya kugqiba benze iimpazamo ezifanayo kwakhona, ngenxa yokungaqeqesheki kwengqondo. Uya kubona abarhwebi bekhala njengeentsana emva kokufumana iifowuni ze-margin, kuphela ukuphinda iimpazamo ezifanayo ezikhokelela kwiifowuni zangaphambili zomda, xa beqala ukurhweba kwakhona ngeemali ezintsha. Eli nqaku lingezantsi lelabantu, kodwa linento eninzi yokwenza norhwebo notyalo-mali. Inyaniso kuyo ingenza umehluko kumsebenzi wakho wokurhweba.

"Zininzi iintlobo zobudenge, kwaye ubuqili yeyona nto imbi kakhulu." – uThomas mann.

Amagama amaninzi asetyenzisiwe kubume bobulumko, ngelixa isihloko sobudenge sityeshelwa ngokuthelekisayo - nangona sijikelezwe macala onke, sisonakalisa. Oko kungenxa yokuba sicinga ukuba ubudenge kukuswela nje ubukrelekrele. Ndicinga ukuba kukho okungakumbi kunoko. Iza ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo; okulandelayo akunantsingiselo kwaphela.
Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba 1. Ubudenge obumsulwa
Masiqale ngolona hlobo lucacileyo lobudenge: ikaka-ye-brains (uxolo lwejagoni yenzululwazi). Inkcazo yengqiqo eqhelekileyo yomntu osisiyatha ngumntu ongenabuchule bokuqonda, ngokukodwa ukukwazi ukucinga nokuqiqa ngokucacileyo. Umntu osisidenge une-IQ ephantsi. Benza iimvavanyo zokuqiqa ngomlomo kunye neematriki zikaRaven kuba bakufumanisa kunzima ukubona iipateni kwidatha, ukukhohlisa ulwimi, okanye ukulandela imixokelelwane yengqiqo. (Ndibeka isibiyeli kumbuzo wokuba ingaba ukuqiqa ngohlalutyo bubukrelekrele na – ukuba kunjalo, ngoko Flynn isiphumo ookhokho bethu babengamageza – kodwa ukunqongophala kwayo koko abantu abaninzi abathetha ngako ngobubudenge). Umntu osisinyabi ubona nje isiphithiphithi esingenantsingiselo. Yazisa umntu osisidenge kumdlalo kwaye uya kusilela ukuqonda imigaqo, nasemva kokuba sele ecaciswe ngokucacileyo nangokuphindaphindiweyo, kuba akanakufunda, okanye angafunda kancinci. Ubukrelekrele abunakwahlulwa kwimfundo, into eyathatha izazinzulu ze-AI ixesha elide ukuba ziyifumane; bachitha iminyaka bezama ukuyila umatshini okrelekrele de babona ukuba kubhetele bakhe umatshini osisimumu ofunda ngokukhawuleza.1 Yintoni ebangela olu hlobo lobudenge? Imfuza? Umntu usenokuba ufumene ilifa lezixhobo zengqondo ezimbi. Okusingqongileyo? Mhlawumbi bakhulele kwinkcubeko engazange ifune ukuba bafunde okanye bacinge. Okanye mhlawumbi babetyhefwe: uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lufumanise ukuba ilothe ibe noxanduva lokulahleka phantse amanqaku e-IQ ebhiliyoni emva kwemfazwe yaseMelika. Nokuba siyintoni na isizathu, ubudenge ngale ngqiqo buthetha ukungakwazi ukuchonga iipateni, ukulandela ingqiqo, okanye ukufunda kumava. Umntu osisidenge ngunovice kuyo yonke into ngalo lonke ixesha.

2. Ubudenge bokungazi
Ukungazi kukwayindlela eqhelekileyo yokuchazwa kobudenge: abantu abaziziyatha ngabantu abangaziyo ikaka (enye inkcazo yenzululwazi). Ngoku, ukungazi akusoloko kuluphawu lobudenge; nakuphi na ukuphononongwa kwengqondo, kuquka inzululwazi, kuxhomekeke ekubeni umntu akwazi oko akwaziyo. Kodwa kwakhona kuyinyani ukuba abantu abangakwaziyo ukuzoba kwibhanki yamava, ubuchule okanye ulwazi baya kukufumana kunzima kakhulu ukujamelana neengxaki ezintsha kunye nemibuzo ekhohlisayo. Bayifumana njani loo ndlela? Mhlawumbi bane-hardware engalunganga, njenge #1, kwaye ke abakwazanga ukufumana kunye nokugcina ulwazi, okanye kusenokwenzeka ukuba abakhange banikwe ithuba lokwenza njalo: mhlawumbi abafumananga imfundo ininzi, mhlawumbi kubazali babo okanye esikolweni, kwaye ke ngoko abanazo izixhobo ezisisiseko kunye nezicwangciso ezifunekayo ukwenza ingqiqo yehlabathi - isakhono somlomo nezibalo, ulwazi lwejografi esisiseko okanye iinkqubo zopolitiko njalo njalo. Umphengululi wezemfundo u-ED Hirsch uye waqaphela ukuba ukukwazi ukufunda iphephandaba kunye nokuba nombono ongacacanga wokuba onke amanqaku angantoni na kufuna inqanaba lolwazi ngokubanzi uninzi lwethu aluthatha lula. Ulwazi olungemvelaphi kuwo nawuphi na ummandla lufana namanzi entlanzi: asiqondi ukuba sinawo kodwa yiyo esenza ukuba sifunxe ulwazi olutsha. Okukhona usazi kancinci, kokukhona kuya kuba nzima ukufunda; Okukhona unokufunda kancinci, kokukhona uyazi - kokukhona ufumana isibhanxa. Le yiloop yokungazi, kwaye abantu abane-hardware efanelekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo banokubambelela kuyo.
Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba 3. Intlanzi-ngaphandle kwamanzi ubudenge
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku siye saxoxa ngengqiqo eqhelekileyo yokuchazwa kobudenge. Idla ngokuchazwa njengokunqongophala kwento – nokuba amandla okuqonda ehashe ('ubulumko'), okanye ulwazi, okanye ukucinga. Oku kubonakala kunganelanga. Ukuyichaza kuphela njengokungabikho kwamandla engqondo kuyasilela ekuphenduleni ngento endiyibiza ngokuba bubudenge bokuphuma emanzini. Abantu abanengqondo enamandla abathe bazuza ulwazi oluninzi kwindawo enye, kwaye ke ngoko abathathwa njengabakrelekrele kakhulu, badla ngokucinga ukuba baya kuba neengcinga ezikrelekrele kakhulu kuwo wonke ummandla wolwazi ababhadula kuwo. Baluthatha lula olwabo ulwazi oluqokelelweyo kwaye bakholelwa ukuba indawo ebanika yona kwintsimi yabo ngumsebenzi nje wobuchule babo obujikelezileyo.

Ngoku, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile, ezi ngcaphephe mhlawumbi zichanile ukucinga ukuba ngenxa yokuba zikrelekrele kule nto ziya kuba zikrelekrele nakwezinye izinto - kukho into efana nale. ubukrelekrele jikelele. Kodwa banokuqikelela ngokugqithisileyo ukuba bakrelekrele kangakanani na kwiindawo ezintsha kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba benze izigqibo ezimbi. I-Twitter ibintle ngokutyhila indlela izazinzulu okanye iimbali ezinokuba zizidenge xa zingaphandle kwecandelo lezemfundo. Rhoqo, iingcali aziqapheli nokuba zifudukele kwindawo yangaphandle: oosomashishini abagqwethekileyo kwingozi ka-2008 bacinga ukuba babekwindawo yomngcipheko xa enyanisweni babekwindawo yokungaqiniseki. Abalawuli ababeneenyawo ezithe tyaba ngexesha lo bhubhani (ingxaki enkulu e-US kune-UK) basilela ukuyivalela into yokuba ngoku babekwindawo yolawulo lwentlekele.

4. Ubudenge obusekelwe kumthetho
Sihlala sithetha ngobudenge ngokungathi luphawu lomntu ngamnye – into ayiyo umntu okanye engeyiyo. Yinto eqhelekileyo ukuthetha ngabantu abakrelekrele kunye nabantu abaziziyatha, naphakathi kweengqondi: omnye wabaphengululi abambalwa ukuba bathathe ubudenge ngokubalulekileyo, ubuncinane ngandlel 'ithile, yayiyingcali yezoqoqosho yase-Italiya uCarlo Cipolla, owabhala isincoko ngo-1976 esibizwa ngokuba yiMithetho eSiseko yoLuntu. Ubudenge onokuthi uthenge njenge incwadi. Njengoko ubona kule nto isishwankathelo sayo, uCipolla uqala kwingcinga yokuba ihlabathi liyahlula libe ngabantu abaziziyatha nabangezoziyatha kwaye akhe “imithetho” yakhe phezu kwayo ('Ngamaxesha onke kwaye ngokungenakuthintelwa, wonke umntu ulijongela phantsi inani labantu abaziziyatha abasasazwayo'). Isincoko sibhalwe ngobuchule kodwa ndiyarhana isizathu sokuba sisafundwa kukuba siyathuthuzela. Kuhle ukucinga ukuba umntu ukrelekrele okanye usisidenge-kwaye ukuba ndiyayiqonda loo nto, kufuneka ndibe ngomnye wabo bakrelekrele. Kuyadanisa ukucinga ngobutyhakala njengento anokuthi nabani na, nditsho nawe, abanjwe yiyo.

Ubudenge bunokuba yinkqubo. Ingcali yethiyori entsonkothileyo yeSanta Fe Institute uDavid Krakauer uthi amaRoma, nangona ayekrelekrele ngendlela ezininzi, akazange enze nkqubela kwizibalo. Ukubeka oku phantsi kwindlela yamanani eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukwenza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo. Amanani ama-Arabhu, angeniswe eYurophu kumaXesha Aphakathi (kungekhona njengesidenge njengodumo lwawo), kulula ukuwasebenzisa. Inkqubo entsha yenze impucuko yethu ngokudibeneyo yakrelekrele, okanye ingabi nasisidenge. Isixhobo okanye iqonga esilisebenzisayo lingasigcina sisidenge, nokuba sikrelekrele. Enyanisweni, imbono kaKrakauer kukuba ubudenge asikokungabikho kobukrelekrele okanye ulwazi; lusetyenziso oluzingileyo lwe-algorithms engalunganga (ngokwayo ingqikelelo yesiArabhu, kunjalo). Masithi umntu ukunika iRubik's Cube.
Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba Qwalasela izinto ezintathu ezinokwenzeka. Usenokuba uyazi algorithm okanye iseti ye-algorithms eyenza ukuba uyisombulule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ukhangeleke uhlakaniphile (eneneni u-Krakauer angatsho ukuba luhlobo lobulumko). Okanye usenokuba ufunde ii-algorithms ezingalunganga - ii-algorithms eziqinisekisa ukuba nokuba ungazama kangaphi na, awusoze usombulule iphazili. Okanye unokuba ungazi ngokupheleleyo kwaye uhambe nje ngokungenamkhethe. Inqaku likaKrakauer lelokuba icuber engazi nto inethuba lokuyicombulula ngempazamo (uthetha ngokwethiyori - sukuzama oku ekhaya) kanti i-cuber engalunganga yealgorithm ayinakuze iyenze. Ukungazi kakuhle idatha eyaneleyo yokusombulula ingxaki ngokufanelekileyo; ubudenge busebenzisa umthetho apho ukongeza iinkcukacha ezininzi kungaphuculi amathuba akho okuyifumana kakuhle – eneneni, ikwenza kube lula ukuba uyifumane kakubi.

Jonga ngapha nangapha kwaye ungabona abantu bevaleleke kwii-algorithms ezineziphene (ukuba kukho imfazwe, kufuneka ibe lityala laseMelika'; 'ukuba kukho ukuwohloka kwemarike ngoko ke ukuchacha sekusondele') izigqibo. Ufumana ubudenge obuninzi phakathi kwabantu abanomdla kakhulu egameni leqela lezopolitiko okanye ingcamango. Abo bantu badla ngokungakwazi ukuqonda, nokuba bakweliphi na icala. Batsalwa kumabali acacileyo okanye amatyathanga okuqiqa. Abezopolitiko okanye abaphembeleli ababambeleyo banobuchule bokwakha kunye nokusasaza ezi ndlela zokucinga ze-algorithmic.

Rhoqo, ubudenge abusuki kukungabikho kwezixhobo zengqondo kodwa kubuninzi bazo. Yimveliso yazo zonke izinto esiziphetheyo ezingqondweni zethu kwaye sizifunxa kwabanye: ii-algorithms ezinamandla, iithiyori ezimbi, iinyani ezingeyonyani, amabali ahendayo, izikweko ezivuzayo, ii-intuition ezilahlekileyo. Izinto ezivakalelwa njengolwazi oluqinileyo nangona lungekho. Njengoko intetho yakudala isitsho, asiyiyo into ongayaziyo eya kukufaka engxakini kodwa into oyaziyo ukuba ayinjalo.

5. Ukucinga ngokugqithisileyo-ubudenge
Xa isazi ngengqondo Philip Tetlock wayengumfundi ophumelele isidanga wabona umfuniselo, oyilwe ngumcebisi wakhe uBob Rescorla, owafaka iqela le-Yale undergrads ngokuchasene nempuku. Abafundi baboniswa imaze, efana nale ingezantsi. Ukutya kwakuya kuvela ku-A okanye ku-B. Umsebenzi wabafundi yayikukuqikelela indawo ekuza kuvela kuyo ukutya ngokulandelayo. Impuku yamiselwa umsebenzi ofanayo.
Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba Iimpuku kunye neMaze
I-Rescorla isebenzise umgaqo olula: ukutya kwavela ngakwesobunxele i-60% yexesha kwaye ngakwesokudla, i-40%, ngokungaqhelekanga. Abafundi, becinga ukuba i-algorithm ethile entsonkothileyo kufuneka isemsebenzini, bajonge iipateni kwaye bazifumene. Baye bagqiba ukuyifumana ngokufanelekileyo i-52% yexesha - ingekho ngcono kakhulu kunethuba kwaye imbi kakhulu kune-rat, ethe yakhawuleza yafumanisa ukuba elinye icala livelise iziphumo ezingcono kunezinye kwaye ngoko liya ngasekhohlo rhoqo, lifumana i-60% izinga lempumelelo.

Abantu abahlakaniphileyo, okanye ubuncinci abantu abaye bakholelwa ukuba bahlakaniphile, abangathandi izicwangciso ezibandakanya ukungaqiniseki kwempazamo. Ukujongana nento ebonakala ngathi yinto engaqhelekanga, abayi kuphosa izandla zabo kwaye bahambe nokuhamba. Bafuna ukuzibophelela emhlabeni. Olo hlobo lwamabhongo obukrelekrele lunokukhokelela kwingqiqo nakwizinto ezintsha kodwa lunokukhokelela kubudenge, xa iimpazamo zikhuselwa ngamandla nangobuchule.

Xa umntu okrelekrele efumene inkolelo eyimpazamo kunzima kakhulu ukuyithetha ngayo: abantu 'abanengqondo ephucukileyo' banokuba nantoni na. usengozini yokucinga okungalunganga kunomndilili, kuba banobuchule bokugoba ubunyani ukuze balingane nomzekelo wabo abawakhileyo. Ndiyarhana ukuba olu tyekelo lunxulunyaniswa nokuthetha kakuhle, umgangatho ebendiwuthanda ngokungagogotye lutho kodwa ngoku ndiwujonge ngokukrokra. Abantu abanokukwazi ukuthetha ngokuqaqambileyo ngaphandle kwe-cuff nabo banokulungela ukufumana izizathu ezingoko nangoko nezikholisayo kuyo nayiphi na into ebafaneleyo ukuba bayikholelwe nangaliphi na ixesha. Amagama achanekileyo avela nje ngobugqi, ajike ngokugqibeleleyo, abengezela njengenyaniso.

Unokujonga enye imbonakalo yokucinga kakhulu ngalo lonke ixesha usebenzisa imveliso okanye iapp exineneyo ngeempawu ezikrelekrele ongenakho ukuzisebenzisa, okanye ubukele imuvi enayo yonke into eyenzekayo ngaphandle kwebali elihambelanayo. Abantu abakrelekrele banotyekelo lokongeza iimpawu kwimveliso okanye kwimuvi okanye kwimpikiswano kunokuba bazisuse, nto leyo enokuvelisa iziphumo zobudenge.

Ndibulumkela ngakumbi ubulumko xa busetyenziswa kwimibuzo yezentlalo nezopolitiko, engenako ukusonjululwa ngezibalo. Kule nto ndiye ndaphenjelelwa ngabathile abakrelekrele. Ungalanda ulwahlulo olusisiseko kwingcinga yaseNtshona phakathi kwabo bakholelwa ukuba ulwazi kunye nokuba nengqiqo ngokungaguquguqukiyo kusenza sibe krelekrele kwaye abo basilumkisayo banokusenza sibe zizidenge. Kwelinye icala, uAristotle, uDescartes, uKant, uVoltaire, uPaine, uRussell; kwelinye, uSocrates, Montaigne, Burke, Nietzsche, Freud, Wittgenstein. Eli qela lokugqibela libandakanya abantu abacingayo, ngeendlela zabo ezahlukeneyo abanomdla kwiindlela ubukrelekrele bomntu obuvelisa uhlobo olulodwa lobudenge. Ngabafana bam aba.

6. Ubudenge obuvelayo
Rhoqo kwimibutho eyenza izinto ezibubudenge, kunzima ukubethelela izigqibo ezibubudenge kuye nawuphi na umntu omnye nokuba kujongwe ngasemva, kwaye kusenokungabikho abantu abaziziyatha ababandakanyekayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, njengo-Enron, abantu bahlakaniphile kakhulu. Ubudenge bunokuvela ngendlela efanayo naleyo ubukrelekrele buvela ngayo kumhlambi wamarhanisi, okanye kwibutho leembovane, okanye kwiiseli neesynapses zobuchopho bomntu. Xa iqela labantu lilandela imigaqo embalwa elula ngokusebenzisana omnye nomnye, ngoko ukuziphatha okuhlangeneyo okukrelekrele kakhulu - okanye ubudenge kakhulu - kunokuba kuvele inani lamalungu alo. Kuwo nawuphi na umbutho, iinkokeli kufuneka zicinge ngemithetho elula elandelwa ngabantu nokuba bengacinganga, kwaye babuze ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuba bavelise ubukrelekrele okanye ubudenge.

Akukho mnqweno wemvelo womntu wokuphepha ubudenge. Savela ukuze siphile kwaye siphumelele kwaye oko kuthetha ukuhlalisana nabanye - yeyona nto iphambili kuthi, ixesha elininzi. Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba ukuba nobulumko nokuvana akuyomfuneko ukuba nixabane; iindaba ezimbi kukuba bahlala benjalo. Kwincwadi yam CONFLICTED ndibonisa indlela ukuphepha ukungavisisani okusekuhleni kunciphisa ubukrelekrele obuhlangeneyo balo naliphi na iqela. Okukhona amalungu eqela elandela umthetho ofana 'nokuvumelana nemvumelwano' okanye 'ukuvumelana nenkokeli' kokukhona kukho igalelo elincinane kwingqokelela yezimvo neengxoxo ngokubanzi. Okukhona lingekho nzulu idama, kokukhona kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho into yobudenge iya kukhasa iphume kuyo, igqunywe sisidaka.
Ububhanxa kunye nokuRhweba 7. Ubudenge obuqhutywa yi-Ego
Sithethe ngobutyhakala ubukhulu becala njengento yokuqonda kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ibotshelelwe ngokunzulu ziimvakalelo, kunye noluvo lobuqu. Mhlawumbi singakhankanya iindidi ezisixhenxe phantsi kwesi sihloko sisodwa kodwa umgaqo osisiseko kukuba okukhona umntu eziva engakhuselekanga, kokukhona ezenza izidenge. Iingcali zengqondo ziyibiza 'i-identity-protective cognition'. Sinokuyibiza ngokuthi 'ndikunye naba bafana'.

Kukho i ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kokuthambekela kokuwela kwiithiyori zeyelenqe kunye neemvakalelo zoxinzelelo, ngakumbi imvakalelo yokungabinalawulo. Ungayibona le nto isebenza emva kwe-2016 xa i-intanethi yasekhohlo e-UK nase-US yaqala ukondla ngokulamba kwiithiyori zeyelenqe malunga neBrexit kunye neTrump. Abantu abaninzi abakrelekrele baziva bengento yanto kwaye besoyika kwaye bengenamakhaya kwaye bazenza izidenge ekuphenduleni.

Oontamo-lukhuni bezopolitiko kunye neengcamango zamayelenqe banqwenela ukhuseleko olucacileyo. Ayisiyongcamango nje okanye ithiyori yeyelenqe abantu abatsaleleka kuyo, kodwa luluntu oluyingqongileyo. Ingcamango okanye ithiyori ifana nepaki okanye ibala lezemidlalo - sisiseko sentlalo. Uyakuthanda ukuba lapho, kwaye iinkolelo zakho zingumtya wesihlahla. Ukuba unexhala lokukhutshelwa ngaphandle uya kwenza konke onako ukubonisa indlela onyaniseke ngayo kwezi nkolelo, nokuba uncinci kangakanani na ukukhathalela izimvo zabantu bangaphandle. Nokuba kuthetha ukuphindaphinda nokukholelwa izinto ezibudenge.

Ndibhale kakuhle malunga ne-Twitter ngexesha lokugqibela ke ndicinga ukuba ndilifumene ilungelo lokutsho ukuba ikwayindawo apho amandla obudenge adibana kunye nokudanisa. Uneengcali eziziva zinyanzelekile ukuba zivakalise kwimiba engaphandle kobuchule bazo. Unokungakhuseleki kunye nexhala lobume: wonke umntu uyajijisana nabalandeli, ukuthanda kunye nokuphindaphinda. Unabantu abenza ukucinga kwabo esidlangalaleni, emehlweni oontanga neentshaba. Unezimvo zoluntu kunye neenkcubeko eziphantsi ezijongene nobuso bomnye ngalo lonke ixesha, ngokwamaqela afumana amandla kumaqela angaphandle. Isiphumo sesokuba eminye imicu eyothusayo yobudenge iyahamba intsholongwane kwaye ibhiyozelwe ngabantu abaninzi abakrelekrele (uya kuba neyakho imizekelo- lo ngudoozy). Kodwa ikwayilabhoratri enomdla apho unokujonga inkqubo yomntu osokolayo ukulawula kunye nokulungelelanisa ubudlelwane namaqela ahlukeneyo. Abantu banokuba nezazisi ezingaphezu kwesinye zokukhusela - isazinzulu sinokufuna ukugcina 'inzululwazi elungileyo' isazisi kunye noontanga kunye 'nobuntu obukhululekile' noluntu. Kuyaveza ukubona ukuba bahamba nabani xa kuvela ungquzulwano phakathi kwezi mpawu. Ngamaxesha amaninzi bakhetha ubudenge obungenasayensi (umzekelo wamva nje woku ungezantsi komqolo).

Inyaniso yeyokuba ubudenge budla ngokuba sisenzo sentando: abantu bazenza izidenge, xa kubafanele. Into yokuba abantu bayakwazi ukuyenza le nto, ngendlela yayo, iyamangalisa. I-psychoanalyst yesiNgesi UWilfred Bion Walwa kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, yaye iingcamango zakhe zaxonxwa ngokuyinxenye ngala mava. UBion wayechukumisekile yindlela abantu abavala ngayo amandla abo okucinga nokuqiqa xa besiya edabini, ngokufuziselayo nangokwenyani. Ingcamango yakhe ngendlela abantu abafunda ngayo yayingaqhelekanga kuba waquka isibakala sokuba asisoloko sifuna ukuyazi. Abantu abaphoswa nje kulwazi; bayayichasa bengaqondanga okanye bayayigatya. Bafuna uthabatha ulwazi, uBion awalubiza ngokuba ngu-K. Ukungaphumeleli ukufunda kumava kuvela kuloyiko lokucinga ngento esingayaziyo, kwaye sibambelele kulwazi oluqinisekisayo kunye nemikhwa ekhoyo. Ukufunda kumava, ngokutsho kuBion, kufuna umsebenzi onzima, ongakhululekanga wokucinga ngeemvakalelo zethu. Yibeke ngolo hlobo kwaye uyabona ukuba kutheni uninzi lwethu luhlala lukhetha ubudenge.

umbhali: Ian Leslie
umthombo: Iindidi ezisixhenxe zobudenge